Utilizing natural heat.



G. S. BRADLEY.

UTILIZING NATURAL HEAT.

' APPLIGATION FILED APR. '1, 190s.

Patented June 13,1911.

m m m m UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CHARLES S. BRADLEY, OF NEW YORK, N.Y., ASSIGNOR TO SUN POWER COMPANY, O

CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY, A CORPORATION 0F NEW JERSEY.

UTILIZING NATURAL HEAT.

Specification of Letters Patent. Patented June 13, 1911.

Application filed April 7, 1908. Serial No. 425,769.

To all whom it may concern.'

Be it known that I, CHARLES S. BRADLEY, a citizen of the United States,residing in the borough of Manhattan, New York city, New York, haveinvented certain Improvements in Utilizing Natural Heat, of which thefollowing is a specification.

The main object of my invention is to provide a method of utilizingsolar heat and means for use in practicing said method, both of whichare simpler and more economical than any heretofore known.

Other objects and advantages of my invention will be apparent from thefollowing description of the invention in detail and the particularfeatures 'of novelty will be pointed out in the claims.

Heretofore in attempting to utilize the heat of the sun for theproduction of power it has been customary to first heat a body of waterby exposure to the solar rays, and then to employ the water thus heatedas an agency for applying heat to a second body of liquid of a lowerboiling point and to operate an engine by the vapor of this secondliquid. Such systems, however, have the disadvantage of being complexand involve the extra step of transferring heat from the water to theliquid of lower boiling point. In carrying out my invention, I overcomethis objectionable feature of previous systems and directly utilize theheat of the water for the production of power by converting theavailable heat energy of the mass into energy of velocity and opposingto such converted energy a rotatable resistance medium. This isaccomplished preferably by delivering the heated water through'anexpanding nozzle to the inlet side 'of a turbine engine and maintainingreduced pressure at the exhaust side of the engine by any suitablemeans, the result being that as the heated water passes through t-heexpanding nozzle its available heat is converted into velocity and apartial boiling under the reduced pressure takes place, the mass whichstrikes the blades of the rotary disk of the engine being virtually amixture of steam and finely divided water, which is heavier than steamand has, consequently, greater effectiveness than steam as an operatingmedium for the eni gine.

talline form of the salt or salts contained inthe water. This latterresult is accomplished, as will hereinafter appear, by separating thewater from the steam delivered by the engine until a concentratedsolution vis obtained, which may be drawn oft1 and treated in any knownmanner to precipitate its salt'. By condensing the steam, moreover,fresh water is obtained', and my invention is therefore of especialvalue for use in localities where the water supply is salt or where, forother reasons, it is not potable in its natural state.

To clearly illustrate my invention, I shall describe the same withreference to a specific embodiment of the invention which will serve asan example of its main features, although the invention should not beconsidered as limited to the details shown in this embodiment.

Said drawing shows partly in elevation andpartly in vertical section, asystem in which the heated water can be used directly, and by which ifdesired, the salt water can be separated from fresh water.

In said drawing l may indicate what I shall term the waste tank, inwhich the water to be heated may be supposed to be kept.

The term Waste tank is intended to imply more layers of glass, in orderthat the Water flowing over the bed may be exposed to the direct andunconcentrated rays'pf the sun, and to otherwise provide against loss ofheat by reason or radiation, conduction or convection.

The bed should provide a Water passage of such lengt-h that the Waterhas time to receive and absorb the desired amount of heat from the sunsrays, and the admission of Water to this bedvmust be also in suitablequantity for this purpose. After the Water has run doWn the bed 3, it ispreferably led into a carefully insulated cistern or reservoir 4, WhichWe may assumeis under ground, and inclosed in a layer 5 of materialwhich is a non-conductor or a poor conductor of heat. This cistern orreservoir 4 should be of considerable size so that the quantity ofheated Water which it may contain may be considerable, although thetemperature may or may not be especially high, less, in fact, than theboiling point, since the generation of steam is to be avoided, becauseof the great increase ofo its volume, as compared With that of Water,and the consequent impracticability of storing the same and maintainingits heat.

The ample size of the cistern or reservoir 4 will permit of the storageof such a quantity of heated Water that the turbine can be operatedduring intervals When the suns rays are not available. From a suitablepart of this cistern or reservoir the heated Water may be led through apipe 6 into an expanding nozzle 7l WhereA the conversion of theavailable heat of the mass into mass velocity, and the Water into ahomogeneous mixture of steam and inely divided water, takes place.- Fromthe' expanding nozzle 7 this mass discharges upon the buckets of theturbine T, and thus imparts its energy to the Work shaft. From theexhaust side of the turbine an exhaust pipe 8 `leads to a condenser 9which is supplied With a suitablefcondensing mediumv through pipes 10,and from which the air is constantly Withdrawn by any suitable air pump11. The water exhaustion is maintained by a suitable pump or pumps asWill be described.

The system here illustrated may serve for the use of either fresh orsalt Water. If sea Water or other saline solution is used, it may, ifdesired, be concentrated by the system to raise its boiling point. Forthe purpose of concentrating the solution and also for obtaining freshWater, the exhaust pipe 8 is provided with a trap 12 in which theunevaporated and consequently salty portion of the Water Will be caught;The steam or fresh portion passes over this t-rap 12 and into thecondenser 9 Where it is condensed and drips down into the depression 13in the exhaust pipe 8. From the bottom of the salt Water tra-p 12 a pipe14 leads to the intake .of a suitable Water pump 15,

preferably of the rotary type, Which returns the salt Water by pipe 16to the Waste tank 1 and thus maintains the exhaustion. By repeating thiscycle it is obvious the water becomes more and more concentrated untilfinally a concentrated solution is obtained. The pipe 16 may be providedyiith an external discharge pipe 17, so that when a valve therein isopened the salt Water Will be discharged externally instead of beingreturned to the Waste tank, in which case the salt Water may be run intoa salt separator of any suitable type to obtain the salt.

From the depression 13 in the exhaust pipe 8 a pipe 18 leads to theintake of a Water pump 19, preferably of the rotary type, whichdischarges the fresh Water externally and thus also assists inmaintaining the exhaustion. The pipe 18 is provided With a suitablevalve which is open when the fresh Water is to be separated, but atother times is closed. When closed the fresh Water pump is not inoperation and the fresh Water vwhich is condensed and caught in thedepression 13 runs over and again mixes With the salt Water in the saltWater trap 12, or if fresh Water only is used, the condensed portionmixes with the unevaporated portionwhich Was caught in the trap 12. Fromthere the entire mass vof Water may be returned to the Waste tank andused repeatedly, as Where Water is scarce, or it may be dischargedexternally by the pipe 17 described above, Where Water is continuallysupplied from an external source.

l claim:

1.-The method of utilizing natural heat Which consists in heating Waterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing the loss of heat during such heatingoperation, converting the available heat energy of the heated mass intoenergy of velocity, and opposing to such converted energy a rotatableresistance medium.

2. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating Waterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing loss of heat during such heating operation,converting the available heat energy of the heated Water into energy ofvelocity at reduced pressure, opposing to such converted energy arotatable resistance medium, separating the -vaporous from the liquidportions of the resulting mass, and then reheating the liquid port-ionas before and continuing the cycle of operations.

3. The method of utilizing natural heat Which consists in heating Waterby exposure to the directV and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing lossl of heat during such heating operation,converting the available heat energy of the tions.

4. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating waterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing loss of heat during such -operation,converting the available heat energy ofthe heated water into energy ofvelocity at reduced pressure,

` opposing to such converted energy a rotapressure, opposing to suchconverted energy I table resistance medium, separating the liquid fromthervaporous portions of the resultant mass, withdrawing the air fromand condensing said vapors, and't-hen reheating the liquid bodies asbefore and continuing the cyclel of operations.

5. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating waterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing the loss of heat during such heatingoperation, accumulating and storing the heated Water, withdrawingsuccessive volumes of the same, converting the available heat energy ofsuch successive volumes, into energy of velocity, and opposing to suchconverted energya rotatable resistance medium.

6. The method of utilizing natural yheat which consists in heating waterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the f sun,restricting or preventing loss of, heat during such heating operation,accumulating and storing the heated water, withdrawing successivevolumes of the same, converting the available heat energy of suchsuccessive volumes into energy of velocity at reduced a rotatableresistance medium, separating the vaporous from the liquid portions ofthe resulting mass, and then reheatig the liquid portion as before andcontinuing the cycle of operations.

l7. vThe method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heatingwater by exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing loss of heat during such heating operation,accumulating and storing the heated Water, withdrawing successivevolumes of the same, converting the available heat energy of suchsuccessive volumes into energy of velocity at reduced pressure, opposingto such converted energy a rotatable resistance medium, separating theliquid from the vaporous portions 'of the resulting mass, condensingsaidvapors, and then'reheating both liquid bodies as before and continuingthe cycle of operations 8. The method of utilizing natural heat whichcnsists in heating water by exposure to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun, restricting or preventing loss of heaty during suchoperation, accumulating and storing the heated water, withdrawingsuccessive volumes of the same, convertingthe available heat energy ofsuch successive volumes, into energy of velocity at reduced pressure,opposing to such converted energy a rotatable resistance medium,separating the liquid from the vaporous portions of the resultant mass,withdrawing` the air from and y condensing said vapors, and thenreheating the liquid bodies as before and continuing the cycle ofoperations.

9. The method 'of utilizing natural heat which consists in heatingwaterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing the loss of heat during such heatingoperation, accumulating and storing the heated water, preventing orrestricting loss of heat by the stored mass, withdrawing successivevolumes of the same', converting the available heat energy of suchsuccessive volumes into energy of velocity, and opposing to suchconverted energy a rotatable resistance medium.

10. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating waterby exposure to the direct and.unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing loss of heat during such heating operation,accumulating and storing the heated water, preventing or restrictingloss of heat by the stored mass,

withdrawingsuccessive volumes of the same, f

and storing the heated water, preventing or restrictingloss of heat bythe stored mass, withdrawing successive volumesof the same,

`converting the available heat energy of such successive volumes intoenergy of velocity at reduced "pressure, opposing to such convertedenergy a rotatable resistance medium, separating the liquid from thevaporous portions of the resulting mass. condensing said vapors, andthen reheating both liquid bodies as before and continuing the cycle ofy Operations.

12. The method ofutilizing natural beati which consists in heating waterby exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun,restricting or preventing loss of. heat. during such operation,laccumulating and storing the heated water, preventing or restrictingloss 4or heat by the stored mass, withdrawing successive volumes of thesaine, converting the available heat energy of such successive volumes,into energy of velocity at reduced pressure, o posing to such convertedenergy a rotatab e resistance medium,

separating the liquid from the vaporous portions of the resultant mass,withdrawing the air from `and condensing said vapors, and then reheatingthe liquid bodies as before and continuin-g the cycle of operations.

13. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating, byexposure to the rays o the sun, a mass of water having a salt or saltsin solution therein, converting the available heat energy of the massinto energy of velocity at reduced pressure, opposing to such convertedenergy a rotatable resistance medium, separating the unevaporatedportion of the resultant mass from the evaporated portion, and repeatingthe cycle of operations with the unevaporated portion of the mass. A

14. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating, byexposure to the rays of the sun, a mass of ater having a salt or saltsin solution the ein, converting the available heat energy 'of the massinto energy of velocity at reduced pressure, opposing to such convertedenergy a rotatable resistance medium, separating the unevap oratedportion of the mass from the evap'v orated portion, condensing theevaporated portion of the mass, andrepeating the cycle of operationswit-h the unevaporated portion of the mass.

15. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in heating, byexposure to the rays of the sun, a mass of water having a salt or saltsin solution therein, expanding v'the mass and thereby evaporating aportion of it, separating the evaporated portion from the mass and thusconcentrating the salt solution, rexposing the mass of con` centratedsolution to the rays of the sun, again expanding it, and thus convertingthe available heat energy of the mass into energy of velocity, andopposing to such con- 'verted energy a rotatable resistance medium.

16. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in progressivelyexposing to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun successivevolumes of a massof water having a salt or salts in solution therein,preventing or restricting lossv of heat by the mass during such heatingoperation, converting the available heat energy of the massinto energyof velocity atreduced pressure, oppos ingto such converted .energy arotatable re` sistance medium, vseparatingl the une-vapo,- rated portionof the resultant mass from the evaporated portion,-c`ondensing `theevaporated-portion of the mass, and repeating the cycle of'. operationswith the unevaporated portion of the lmass.` A 1 @saaie 17. The methodof utilizin natural heat which consists in progressive y heat-ing byexposure to the direct and4 unconcentrated rays of the sun successivevolumes of a mass of water having a salt or salts in solution therein,preventing or restricting loss of vheat by said mass during the heatingopera` tion, accumulating and storing the mass thus heated, withdrawingsuccessive volumes of said mass and converting the available heat energyof the same into energy of velocity at reduced pressure, opposing tosuch 'converted energy a'rotatable resistance medium, separating theunevaporated portion of the mass from the evaporated portion, andrepeating the cycle of operations with the iinevaporated portion of themass.

18. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in progressivelyheating by exposure to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sunsuccessive volumes of a mass of water having a salt or salts insolutionv at reduced pressure, opposing to such con` i verted energy arotatable resistance medium,

-separating the unevaporated portion of the mass from the evaporatedportion, condensing the evaporated portion of the mass, and repeatingthe cycle of operations with the unevaporated portion of the same.

19. The method of utilizing natural4l heat which consists inprogressively exposing to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sunsuccessive volumes of a mass of water having a salt or salts in solutiontherein, preventing or restricting loss of heat by the stored mass,withdrawing successive volumes of said stored mass, converting theavailable heat energy thereof into energy of velocity at reducedpressure, opposing to said converted energy a rotatable resistancemedium, separating the unevaporated portion of the mass from theevaporated portion of the same, and repeating the cycle of operationswith the unevaporated portion of the mass.

Q0. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in progressivelyexposing to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun successivevolumes of a mass of water having a salt or salts in solution therein,preventing or restricting loss of heat by the stored mass, withdrawingsuccessive volumes 'of said stored mass, converting the availi ableheat-energy thereof into energy of velocity at reduced pressure,opposing to said .thereby converting its available heat energy intoenergy of velocity, opposing to such converted energy a rotatableresistiance medium whereby such energy of velocity is further convertedinto kinetic energy, separating the evaporated portions of the resultantmass from the unevaporated portions, and repeating the cycle ofoperations with the unevaporated portions of the mass.

22. The method of utilizing natural heat4 which consists in flowingthrough a closed chamber, at atmospheric pressure, a body of Waterhaving a salt or salts in solution therein, and during such flowexposing the Water to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sunwhereby it absorbs heat energy from said rays and is increased intemperature at atmospheric pressure, expanding, under vacuum, the waterthus heated and thereby converting its available heat energy into energyof velocity, opposing to such converted energy a rotatable resistancemedium whereby such energy ofvelocity is further converted into kineticenergy, separating the evaporated portions of the resultant mass fromthe unevaporated portions, condensing said evaporated portions of themass, and repeating the cycle of operations" with the unevaporatedportions.

23. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists-'lin flowingthrough an inclosed chamber, at atmospheric pressure, a body of waterhaving a salt or salts in solution therein, and during such iiowexposing the water to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sunwhereby it absorbs heat energy from said rays and is increased intemperature atI atmospheric pressure, accumulating and storing atatmospheric pressure the Water thus heated, exposing, under vacuum,successive limited volumes of water withdrawn from said stored mass andthereby converting the available heat energy of the same into energy ofvelocity, opposing to such converted energy a rotatable resistancemedium and thereby further converting the energy of velocity intokinetic energy,'

separating from each other the evaporated and unevaporated portions ofthe resultant mass', and repeating the cycle of operations with theunevaporated portions of the mass.

24. The method of utilizing natural heat which consists in flowingthrough an inclosed chamber, at atmospheric pressure, a body of waterhaving a salt or salts in solution thereinfand during such fiow exposingthe water to the direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun whereby itabsorbs heat energy from said rays and is increased -in temperat-ure atatmospheric pressure, accumulating and storing at atmospheric pressurethe water thus heated, exposing, under vacuum, successive limitedvolumes of water withdrawn from said stored mass and thereby convertingthe available heat energy of the same into energy of velocity, opposingto such converted energy a rotatable resistance medium and therebyfurther converting the energy of velocity into kinetic energy,separating from each other the evaporated and unevaporated portions ofthe resultant mass, condensing the evaporated portions of the mass, andrepeating the cycle of' operations with the unevaporated portions of thesa-me.

25. rIhe combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, a turbine wheel, means forconverting the available heat energy of the liquid mass into energy ofvelocity, means for causing said energy of' velocity to act upon theturbine wheel to rotate the same, means for separating the evaporatedand unevaporated portions of the resultant mass, and means for returningthe unevaporated portions of the mass to the exposing means.

26. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, a turbine wheel, means forconverting the available heat energy of the liquid mass into energy ofvelocity, means for causing said energy of velocity to act upon theturbine wheel to rotate the same, nieans for separating the evaporatedand unevaporated portions of the resultant mass, means for condensingthe evaporated .portions ofthe mass, and means for returning theunevaporated portions of the mass to the exposing means.

27. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, means for accumulating and storingthe mass thus heated, means for converting the available heat energy ofthe massinto energy of velocity, a turbine wheel, means for causing theenergy of velocity to act upon said turbine .wheel to rotate the same,means for separating the evaporated and unevaporated portions of theresultant mass, andmeans for returning the unevaporated portions of themass to the exposing means.

28. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and .means for preventing or restricting loss of heat by saidstored mass, means for converting the available heat energy of the massinto energy of velocity, a turbine wheel, means for causing the energyof velocity to act upon said turbine wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating the evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass,

and means for returning the unevaporated portions of the mass to theexposing means.

30. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun, and thereby heating the same, means for accu- `mulating andstoring the mass thus heated,

means for preventing or restricting loss of heat by said stored mass,means for converting the available heat energy of the mass into energyof velocity, a turbine wheel, means for causing the energy of velocityto act upon said turbine wheel to rotate the same, means for separatingthe evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultant mass, meansfor condensing the evaporatedl portions ofthe mass, and means forreturning the unevaporated portions `of the vmass 1 to the exposingmeans.

31. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, means for accumulating and storingthe liquid mass thus heated, a turbine Wheel, means for withdrawing fromthe stored mass of liquid successive and limited volumes thereof, meansfor converting the available heat energy ot the same into energy ofvelocity, means for causing such energy of velocity to act upon theturbine wheel to rotate the same, means for separating from each otherthe evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultant mass, andmeans for returning the unevaporated portions of the 'mass to theexposlng means.

32. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, means for accumulating and storingthe liquid mass thus heated, a turbine Wheel, means for withdrawing fromthe stored mass of liquid successive and limited volumes thereof, meansfor converting the available heat energy of the samey into energy ofvelocity, means for causing such energy of velocity to act upon theturbine wh-eel to rotate the same, means for separatingfrom each otherthe evaporated and unevaporated portions oit the resultant mass, meansfor condensing the evaporated portions of the mass, and means 'forreturning the unevaporated portions of the same to the exposing means.-

33. rI'he combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, means for accumulating and storingthe liquid mass` thus heated, means for restricting or preventing lossof heatby said stored mass, a turbine wheel, means for withdrawing fromthc stored mass of liquid successive and limited volumes thereof, meansfor converting the available heat energy of the same into energy ofvelocity, means for causing Asuch energy of velocity to act upon theturbine Wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating from each oth-erthe evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultant mass, andmeans for returning the unevaporated portions of the mass to theexposing means.

84;. The combination of means for exposing a liquid mass to the rays ofthe sun and thereby heating the same, means for accumulating and storingthe liquid mass thus4 heated, means for restricting or preventing lossof heat by said stored mass, a turbine Wheel, means for withdrawing fromthe Stored mass of liquid successive and limited volumes thereof, meansfor converting the available heat energy of the same into energy ofvelocity, means for causing such energy of velocity to act upon theturbine Wheel to rotate the same, means for separating from each otherthe evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultant mass, meansfor condensing the evaporated portions of the mass, and means forreturning the unevaporated portions of the same to the exposing means.

35. rlhe combination of means for exposing a flowing body of liquid tothe direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun, means for pr-eventin orrestricting loss of heat by said liquid uring the heating operation,means for converting the available heat energy of the liquid into energyof velocity, a turbine wheel, means whereby the energy of velocity iscaused to act-upon said turbine Wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating the evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass, and means for returning the unevaporated portions to the exposingmeans.

36. The combination of means for exposing a `flowing body of liquid tothe direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat by said liquid during the heating operation,means for convertlng the available heat energy of the liquid into energyof velocity, a turbine wheel, means whereby the energy of velocity iscaused to act upon said turbine Wheel to rotate the same, means forseparat-4 ing the evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass, means for condensing the evaporated portions of the resultantmass, and means Jfor returning the unevaporated portions of the mass tothe eX- yenergy of the liquid into energy of velocity,

a turbine wheel, means whereby such energy of velocity is caused to actupon said turbine wheel to rotate the same, means for separating theevaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass. and means forreturning the unevaporated portions of the sameto the exposing' means.`

38. The combination of means for exposinga flowing body of liquid tot-hedirect and unconcentrated rays ofthe sun, means for restricting orpreventing loss of heat by the liquid during such heating operation,means for accumulating and storing the liquid thus heated, means forrestricting or prevent-ing loss of heat by said stored mass, means forconverting the available heat energy of the liquid into energy ofvelocity, a turbine wheel, means whereby such energy of velocity iscausedl to act upon said turbine wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating the evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass, means for condensing the evaporated portions, of the mass, andmeans for returning-the unevaporated portions of the mass to theexposing means.

39. The combination of means for exposing a tlowing body'oil liquid tothe direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun, means for restrictin orpreventing loss of heat by 4said liqui during the heating of the same,means for accumulating and storing the liquid thus heated, means forpreventing or restricting loss of heat by said stored mass, a turbinewheel, means for withdrawing from the stored mass successive limitedvolumes of the same, means for converting the available heat energy ofthe same into 4energy of velocity, means for causing such energy ofvelocity to act upon the turbine wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating the evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass, and means for returning the unevaporated portions of the mass tothe exposing means.

40. The combination of means for-exposing a flowing body of liquid tothe direct and unconcentrated rays of the sun, means for restricting orpreventing loss of heat by said liquid during the heating of the same,means for accumulating and storing the liquid thus heated, means forpreventing or restricting loss of heat by said stored mass, a turbinewheel, meansfor withdrawing from the stored mass, successive limitedvolumes of the same, means for converting the available heat energy ofthe same into energy of velocity, means for causing such energy ofvelocity to act upon th e turbine wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating the evaporated and unevaporated portions of the resultantmass, means for condensing the evaporated portions of ,the mass, andmeans for returning the evaporated portionsof the mass to the exposingmeans.

41. The combination, in apparatus for utilizingnatural heat, of meansfor exposing a flowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating said liquid, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, a turbine wheel, andmeans for converting the available heat energy otl the heated liquidinto energy of velocity and causing said energy of velocity to act uponsaid turbine wheel to rotate the same.

42. The combination, in apparatus tor utilizing natural heat, of meansfor exposing a flowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating said liquid, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, a turbine wheel, meansfor converting the available heat energy of the heated liquid intoenergy of velocit-y and causing said energy of velocity to act upon saidturbine wheel to rotate the same, means for separating the liquid fromthe vaporous portions of the mass after it has acted upon said turbinewheel. means tor condensing said vapors to liquid form, and means forreturning both liquid bodies to the heater.

43. The combination, in apparatus for utilizing naturalheat, of meansfor exposing a flowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating said liquid', means for preventingor restricting loss of heat during such operation, a turbine wheel,means for converting the available heat energy of the heated liquid intoenergy oi velocity and causing said energy of velocity to act upon saidturbine wheel to rotate the same, means for separating the liquidfrom'the vaporous portions of the resulting mass after it has acted uponthe turbine wheel, means for withdrawing the air from the vapors, means`for condensing the vapors to liquid form,

and means for returning the liquid bodies to the heater.

44. The combination, in apparatus for utilizin natural heat, of meansfor exposing a owing body of -liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating the same, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, means for accumulatingand storing the heated liquid, means for withdrawing from storagesuccessive yolumes of the heated liquid, and means for converting theavailable heat energy of said successive volumes of heated liquid intoenergy of velocity and causing said energy of velocity to act upon saidturbine wheel to rotate the same.

45. The combination, in apparatus for utilizing natural heat, of meansfor exposing a iowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating the same, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, means for accumulatingand storing the heated liquid, means for withdrawing from storagesuccessive volumes of the heated liquid, means for converting theavailable heat energy of said successive volumes of the heated liquid,means for converting the available heat energy of said successivevolumes of heated liquid into energy of velocity and causing said energyof velocity to act upon said turbine wheel to rotate the same, means forseparating the liquid from the vaporous portions of the mass after ithas acted upon said turbine wheel, means for condensing said vapors toliquid form, and means for returning both liquid bodies to the heater.

46.The combination, in apparatus for utilizing natural heat, of meansfor exposing a flowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating the same, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, means for accumulatingand Y storing the heated liquid, means for withdrawing from storagesuccessive volumes of the heated liquid, means for converting theavailable heat energy of said successive volumes of heated liquid intoenergy of velocit-y and causing said energy of velocity to act upon saidturbine wheel to rotate the same,

. means for separating the liquid from the vaporous portions of theresulting mass after it has acted upon the turbine wheel, meansforwithdrawing the` air from the vapors, means for condensing the vapors to'liquid form, and means forl returning the liquid bodies to the heater.

47 The combination, in apparatus for utilizing natural heat, of meansfor exposing a flowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating the same, means for preforconverting the available heat energy oit"l said successive volumes ofheated liquid into energy of velocity and causing said energy ofvelocity to act upon said turbine wheel to rotate the same.

48. The combination, in apparatus for utilizing natural heat, of meansfor exposing a Howing body of liquid to the direct and, unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating the same, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, means for accumulatingand storingthe heated liquid, means for restricting or prevent-ing lossof heat thereby, means for withdrawing from storage successive volumesof the heated liquid, means for converting the available heat energy ofsaid successive volumes of heated liquid into energy of velocity andcausing said energy of velocity to act upon said turbine wheel to rotatethe same, means for separating the liquid from the vaporous portions or'the mass after it has acted upon said turbine wheel, means forcondensing said vapors to lliquid form, and means `for returning theliquid bodies to the heater.

49. The combination, in apparatus for utilizing natural heat, of .meansfor exposing a flowing body of liquid to the direct and unconcentratedrays of the sun and thereby heating the same, means for preventing orrestricting loss of heat during such operation, means for accumulatingand storing the heated liquid, means for restricting or preventing lossof heat thereby, means for withdrawing from storage successive volumesof the heated liquid, means for converting the available heat energy ofsaid successive volumes of4 heated liquid into 'energy of velocity andcausing said energy of velocity to act upon said turbine wheel to rotatethe same, means for separating the liquid from the vaporous portions ofthe resulting mass after it has acted upon the turbine wheel, means forwithdrawing the air'from the vapors, means for condensing the vapors toliquid form, and means .for returning the liquid bodies to the heater.

In testimony whereof, l have signed my name to this specification, inthe presence of two subscribing witnesses.

CHARLES s. BRADLEY.

Witnesses:

C. H. ELDERD, J r., RUSSELL C. JONES.

